NETSURFER SCIENCE
More Signal, Less Noise
Volume 04, Issue 07
Monday, July 02, 2001

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REVIEWERS' CHOICE
Becoming Human
EARTH SYSTEMS
The Shocking Story of Lightning.
Geology by Lightplane
COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING
The Temple of ALife
Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe
Netsurfer Recommendations
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Chandra X-ray Observatory Center
Why is the Night Sky Dark?
Solar Terrestrial Physics Division of the National Geophysical Data Center
MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
Antimatter Space Propulsion at Penn State
Antibubbles
The Abacus Index
ARCHEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY
Rabbit In The Moon Mayan Glyphs and Architecture
Joseph Leidy
MEDICINE, BIOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Atlas of Human Embryology
Brain & Mind
Plants in Motion
Sperm Whales
ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND GEOGRAPHY
United States Historical Census Data Browser
PSEUDOSCIENCE, BAD SCIENCE, AND WORSE
Expanding Planet
OTHER LINKS
BOOK REVIEWS
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Contact and Subscription Information
Credits
Netsurfer Digest


REVIEWERS' CHOICE
Is there a Mrs. Swamp Thing?

Becoming Human

A self-described broadband documentary experience, Becoming Human deserves every possible accolade and certainly does credit to The Institute for Human Origins, which produces the site. The documentary itself - narrated by Donald Johansen, the discoverer of the famed Lucy - is a series of beautifully designed and presented images (both still and moving) and soundtracks that comprehensively cover the fossil evidence, anatomical and physical changes, and cultural developments that characterize the 3-million-year story of human evolution. Sliding pop-ups present related exhibits and the on- and offline paleoanthropology resources appear helpfully in a separate small window so as to not interfere with the documentary. Youll need Flash 5 and at least 64MB of RAM, and you should probably forget about it unless you have, at least, a DSL connection. (With our reviewer's DSL, each section took under a minute to load). Perhaps the most appealing aspect is that this effort is so obviously designed as a purely web-based presentation, as compared to sites based on TV documentaries or textbooks. The help and learning center sections are due to come online this summer, but the useful news and views offer additional information and updates. Really first class stuff.
http://www.becominghuman.org/

EARTH SYSTEMS
No matter where you go, there you are

The Shocking Story of Lightning.

One hundred times a second, globally. Flash, sizzle, boom! One billion volts a shot. The statistics are impressive: in the US lightning triggers ten thousand forest fires, causes $100 million in property damage, and kills about 80 people annually. Golfer Lee Trevino recounts a close call, and there are other true stories of close encounters with this electrifying phenomenon. The site is more a quick appetizer than a main meal, but its colorful and dramatic, with a few great pictures and some interesting data. For best results you need a whole battery of browser plugins: RealAudio, Shockwave, and QuickTime.
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/96/lightning/

Geology by Lightplane

Professor Louis Maher of the University of Wisconsin Geology Department needed some images for a class. Rather than using copyrighted materials, he remembered that he's a licensed pilot and, using the services of a photographer/grad student, he created his own collection of aerial photographs which he has generously placed online. Available for viewing at 640 pixels wide, the images are also accessible at an associated FTP site for larger (2000 pixels wide, about 1MB per photo) images for video projection or slides. The photographs themselves, browsable through a clickable map, cover a large section of the central US. They offer stunning images of geomorphological features, glacial landscapes, erosion, riverine systems, and more. The pages with the photographs are quite long, so they take a little while to load. Well done, Dr. Maher!
http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~maher/air.html

COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING
Open the pod bay doors, Hal

The Temple of ALife

Well, this is a little different. Exactly what the name promises, A Life is a collection of artificial life programs that you can download and activate on your desktop. Sort of a digital-age version of Sea Monkeys, the site is based upon the attempts by digital artists to model the complex algorithms of biological life. The programs have serious scientific aspects, such as evolution, predator/prey ratios, and ecology. More easily experienced than described, the results are fascinating, amusing, and beautiful. We loved it.
http://alife.fusebox.com/

Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe

Both aesthetically pleasing and comprehensive, Epact is an online museum (indeed, a collaboration of four prestigious European science history museums) of over 500 scientific instruments, all built before 1600. The exhibit, presented in enlargeable thumbnails and supporting information, includes a thematic essay for background on medieval and renaissance mathematical arts and sciences, as well as several technical articles on how the different types of instruments operated. The devices themselves include astrolabes, armillary spheres, quadrants, surveying tools, and gunnery accessories, and range from unadorned instruments for daily use to lavishly decorated pieces fit for a king's laboratory. The site boasts multiple search options, and terms from the catalogue are cross-linked to the indexes of instrument-makers and the cities where the items where built, and to the glossary. A superb introduction to pre-modern high-tech.
http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/epact/


Netsurfer Recommendations

Items our staff likes and you might too. Click on the cover or title to order the item at a hefty discount from Amazon.com and Beyond.com and send a few pennies our way as well.

Nearest Star: The Surprising Science of Our Sun
Leon Golub and Jay M. Pasachoff
Harvard Univ Pr; ISBN: 0674004671

As a culture, we're far too easily distracted from story and hoodwinked by special effects. It shouldn't surprise us, then, that when we think of astronomy, when we think of stars, we tend to turn our backs on the familiar and gaze out toward the mystery of the night sky's black holes, nebulae and event horizons. Golub and Pasachoff remind us that we shouldn't overlook the blindingly obvious. Right here, in our own neighborhood, just 93 million miles down the block, is our very own star, warming and scorching us, feeding and starving us, powering us and periodically bringing us to a halt with its 3819-megawatt presence. The authors are dazzled by their subject and their fascination shines through each page. Don't be put off by the fact that they're serious scientists writing about serious science. They 're writing for a smart audience, yes, but they're wise enough to understand that smart people haven't necessarily studied physics. Their discussion of helioseismology, for instance, begins with a short survey of earthbound seismology. They don't try to draw strained parallels with earthquakes, though. They're talking about the study of phenomena, not the phenomena themselves. Gelatin, it turns out, will illustrate their point about seismology better than an earthquake can. The graphs are indeed scientific, but the authors detail the meaning and significance of every one of them and how each fits into the story of the sun's origins, its life and, ultimately, its destiny. There are lovely, graceful allusions throughout the book, broached but never quite spoken, that leave our imaginations fired. In one seemingly simple sentence about telescopes, they remind us that peering into the universe is a matter of penetrating time, not distance. Yeah, we knew that; we'd just never savored the notion. We haven't looked at the sun quite the same way since we read this book.



ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away

Chandra X-ray Observatory Center

With the Hubble in orbit - and presenting us regularly with as many intriguing questions as answers - and with adaptive optics telescopes on the ground, modern astronomy is re-making itself. Now, we have the Chandra X-ray Observatory - named in honor of the late Indian-American Nobel laureate, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar - capable of seeing X-rays from areas of the universe blocked to visible light telescopes by the pervasive stellar dust. This site details the results. Recently, reading X-ray waves, Chandra has been able to probe the universe back to 12 billion years in the past finding massive numbers of black holes. But black holes, by definition, are invisible. Yes, but the gases being pulled so violently into the abyss give off tremendous heat and, therefore, X-rays. When Chandra locates a source of extensive x-rays, in a region apparently empty, a black hole seems the only plausible explanation. Sometimes navigating to the main points of the site can be difficult, perhaps because the authors try a little too hard to be understandable (try the Q and A sections for starters) The spectacular, truly leading-edge information is well worth the effort.
http://chandra.harvard.edu/

Why is the Night Sky Dark?

Intuition tells us that the night sky should be ablaze with light. Clearly, it isn't - but if you think the reason for this contradiction in our perceptions is obvious, you're in for a big bang of a surprise. Oops, did we give the game away? It all goes back to 1826 when astronomer Heinrich Olbers was the first to ask the question as an academic exercise, realizing that the universe should be heating up all the time but, clearly, isn't. En route to the answer, the site traverses some interesting physics and teaches or perhaps reteaches the reasons why things work the way they do. It serves up some neat animations and models on the journey as well. Overall, it's a nice way to answer the question rather than just blurting it out. So, be patient and follow along. It's a clever and effective way to explain why the night sky isn't blazing with light, step by step the secret revealed. The universe isn't magic, although it's certainly magical.
http://www.arachnoid.com/sky/index.html

Solar Terrestrial Physics Division of the National Geophysical Data Center

Though clearly aimed at professional astronomers and physicists, a careful surfer can have a few fascinating moments at this site. The amount of data related to every aspect of the sun, and coming from facilities in countries all over the world, and from space, is astonishing. Once you've completed a minimal registration process, this vast storehouse of ever-changing information on the ever-changing sun, is yours free of charge, just for the asking. Most of the data are automatically and constantly updated, second by second, in real time, directly from various measuring and video sources. This means - and even the webmasters-physicists admit this is fun - that every time you access a page, you may very well be the first person to ever view that particular set of photos or information. There is also a link to a slightly less technical but beautiful set of photos and videos from the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory.
Solar terrestrial physics: http://spidr.ngdc.noaa.gov/spidr/
Lockheed Martin: http://www.lmsal.com/YPOP/homepage.html

MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
42

Antimatter Space Propulsion at Penn State

No longer a crazy idea from Star Trek, only 100 milligrams of antimatter, mixed with matter, would provide as much explosive power as the tons of fuel on one of today's space shuttles. Ah, but getting enough of the stuff, there 's the rub. The current yearly production of anti-matter from all the various atom smashers in the world is at best a thousand times too little. The Antimatter Propulsion Group at Pennsylvania State University is part of NASA's effort to reach the nearest star within 50 years. They propose a version of a nuclear reactor in space that they call antiproton catalyzed microfission. The site takes great pains to reassure us that this will be completely safe; well, we don't want to want to discourage anyone, but Chernobyl and Three Mile Island are still too fresh in our memories to accept assurances without a large dose of healthy skepticism. There is, for instance, no solution offered for the incredible storage problems, whether on Earth or in space, with materials that can takes tens of thousands of years to become safe. The Group's latest technical reports are open to the public, though most are too technical for the majority of readers. The introductory material, however, is a succinct and readable introduction to antimatter as fuel. We say make it so.
http://www.engr.psu.edu/antimatter/

Antibubbles

Well, we have anti-matter, antibodies, and even antiviruses, so why not antibubbles? An antibubble is an immersed thin film of air surrounding liquid. Clear enough? This informative little page will tell you all you've ever wanted to know about this unusual phenomenon. Now you can learn about their properties, how to make them, and pick up some antibubble tricks and ideas for antibubble science projects. The page is illustrated with photographs and drawings, and there are links to both bubble and antibubble sites and articles.
http://www.jtan.com/antibubble/

The Abacus Index

If you're curious about how to use an abacus or about the history of calculating with clicking beads, this crisply designed site is the place for you. This is also a genuine labor of love on the part of Luis Fernandes, associated with Toronto's Ryerson University. In it, he brings the abacus, one of the first mathematical technologies, to life. Today we take calculators for granted, but this site demonstrates the power of a very simple device whose usefulness and efficiency is much greater than we generally imagine. In particular, the abacus remains a wonderful way to teach elementary and not-so-elementary mathematics to many students. Teachers, students and lifelong learners of all strips will find this site useful, with its links to instructions for building an abacus from LEGO and other educational sites.
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus/

ARCHEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY
What is past is prologue

Rabbit In The Moon Mayan Glyphs and Architecture

That you can use this site to order a t-shirt on which is printed your date of birth in Mayan hieroglyphics gives you a sense of the light and concrete approach of these Web writers. Mayan hieroglyphic writing used a wide variety of symbols that either represented whole words or their component syllables. There are many books and articles about the Mayan language but much of this written by and for professional anthropologists and can be difficult to decipher as the glyphs themselves. This site has writers who know their subject so well that they can describe the Mayan system in more casual and readable ways. Rather than a more academic approach, the focus is on actually writing the language itself.
http://www.halfmoon.org/

Joseph Leidy

Known as the Father of American Vertebrate Paleontology, Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) was also an expert anatomist, the founder of American parisitology, and an encyclopedic scholar on the natural world in general. Associated with the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, he was the author of 230 publications on paleontology; indeed, he virtually founded that field of study in the US through his research into the fossils of the American west and his discovery of hundreds of species of dinosaurs and prehistoric mammals. His monographs (abstracts of which can be read here) have a refreshing lack of theorizing and describe the specimens as he found them. This site summarizes his writings, displays illustrations of the fossils that were his area of expertise, and tells of his involvement in the notorious Bone Wars between O.C. Marsh and E.D. Cope that led to his abandonment of paleontology. Original drawings, photographs, and links to websites support the texts, and there are an interactive timeline and a bibliography, as well as sections on his work in other disciplines. A worthy tribute to a giant of American science.
http://www.acnatsci.org/leidy/index.html

MEDICINE, BIOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
It's alive! It's alive!

Atlas of Human Embryology

Human embryology is one of the most fascinating fields in medicine, following our very earliest development and processes from conception to birth. This site offers a respectable number of illustrations, showing the stages of building a human being as we know it. The images are beautiful and - bonus - dowloadable in .pdf format. A little knowledge of human anatomy would be desirable to wholly understand the meaning of the illustrations. Still, even if you're not entirely familiar with anatomy, don't let that stop you from enjoying this wonderful resource.
http://humanembryology.com/

Brain & Mind

Why was Einstein a genius? What is mind? These are examples of the topics covered by this electronic magazine that offers articles related to the field of neurosciences. Far from being simply scientific matter, the arguments treated fall into psychology and philosophy, becoming stimulating lectures about our deepest desires, questions, and behaviors.
http://www.epub.org.br/cm/home_i.htm

Plants in Motion

If watching plants move is your idea of a good time, here's your chance to go to town watching your favorite blossoms grow, twist, respond to light and gravity, and germinate in a series of ten time-lapse films (QuickTime format) from the Department of Biology at Indiana U. There are also printable flipbook movies, tips on making time-lapse films, and sample laboratory exercises for teaching about plant growth and motion. A fascinating, if unusual, resource of the online study of plant physiology.
http://sunflower.bio.indiana.edu/~rhangart/plantmotion/PlantsInMotion.html

Sperm Whales

As the rescue drama unfolds off the New England coast - unpromisingly as we write - this site is nicely current. The adult sperm whale is a majestic creature, growing into a 60-ton, 62-foot leviathan diving as deep as 3000 ft, using echo location to hunt for its prey in the cold dark deep, and staying underwater for as long as 90 minutes. The sexes live apart, old males alone, younger ones in small pods, females and children in larger, more complex social structures. The young weigh a ton at birth and are 12 feet long. In the days of widespread whaling, the spermwhale was hunted eagerly for the huge quantities of oil in its enormous head. This is the kind of information you'll find here, nothing terribly detailed, but with links allowing those who want additional info to explore in more detail elsewhere. The site also has a Q&A session with cetacean researcher Jonathan Gordon. Overall this is a good, simple resource about the kind of powerful, mysterious whale immortalized in Moby Dick.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/spermwhales/

ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND GEOGRAPHY
All that we see or seem

United States Historical Census Data Browser

The Census of the United States , as mandated by the Constitution (Article I, Section 2), determines population statistics for purposes of representation and taxation, and this online data base has the results from every American census (taken every ten years) from 1790 to 1960. The data vary: from 1790 to 1830, most data concern population breakdowns by age, sex, and free or slave. More information is available after 1840, including occupation, education, denomination, mortality, property, and wealth. Data are based on state and county returns, and can be sorted by variable, although there is no county querying. For a solid background, check out the historical section for an overview of censuses and census-taking. This is an invaluable treasure-trove of American demographics and economics for the serious history student.
http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/

PSEUDOSCIENCE, BAD SCIENCE, AND WORSE
I rarely use it myself, Sir. It promotes rust.

Expanding Planet

It is a truism to say that what scientists treat as eccentric one day can become, only a few years later, the accepted orthodoxy of the day. Black holes and plate tectonics are examples. But, even as certain theories become widely accepted, there can still be resistance. This website is an emotional and intense attack on plate tectonic theory. Plate tectonics theory explains the enormous changes in landmasses and ocean floors as the result of subduction, more or less meaning that huge land and sea masses move under and over each another, bumping and grinding all the way. The author of this site dismisses this approach altogether. He argues that we've been fooled into thinking this theory is correct when, in fact, the changes can be much better explained as simply the result of an enormous increase in the mass of the Earth. In his approach, the increase in Earth's mass is the result of the constant meteoroid bombardment of our planet. In reality, the changes in the Earth's mass postulated at this site seem far-fetched and would require many other changes in Earth's orbit, for which there is no evidence. Nevertheless, responding to such a strong argument may deepen our understanding of plate tectonics itself.
http://expanding-earth.org/

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CREDITS
Publisher: Arthur Bebak
Editor: Judith David
Contributing Editor:
Production Manager: Bill Woodcock

Netsurfer Communications, Inc.

  • President: Arthur Bebak
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Writers and Netsurfers:
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