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NETSURFER SCIENCE
More Signal, Less Noise |
Volume 04, Issue 07 Monday, July 02, 2001 |
NETSURFER LINKS
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REVIEWERS' CHOICE http://www.becominghuman.org/
EARTH SYSTEMS The Shocking Story of Lightning. One hundred times a second, globally. Flash, sizzle, boom! One billion volts a shot. The statistics are impressive: in the US lightning triggers ten thousand forest fires, causes $100 million in property damage, and kills about 80 people annually. Golfer Lee Trevino recounts a close call, and there are other true stories of close encounters with this electrifying phenomenon. The site is more a quick appetizer than a main meal, but its colorful and dramatic, with a few great pictures and some interesting data. For best results you need a whole battery of browser plugins: RealAudio, Shockwave, and QuickTime.http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/96/lightning/ Professor Louis Maher of the University of Wisconsin Geology Department needed some images for a class. Rather than using copyrighted materials, he remembered that he's a licensed pilot and, using the services of a photographer/grad student, he created his own collection of aerial photographs which he has generously placed online. Available for viewing at 640 pixels wide, the images are also accessible at an associated FTP site for larger (2000 pixels wide, about 1MB per photo) images for video projection or slides. The photographs themselves, browsable through a clickable map, cover a large section of the central US. They offer stunning images of geomorphological features, glacial landscapes, erosion, riverine systems, and more. The pages with the photographs are quite long, so they take a little while to load. Well done, Dr. Maher! http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~maher/air.html COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING http://alife.fusebox.com/
Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe Both aesthetically pleasing and comprehensive, Epact is an online museum (indeed, a collaboration of four prestigious European science history museums) of over 500 scientific instruments, all built before 1600. The exhibit, presented in enlargeable thumbnails and supporting information, includes a thematic essay for background on medieval and renaissance mathematical arts and sciences, as well as several technical articles on how the different types of instruments operated. The devices themselves include astrolabes, armillary spheres, quadrants, surveying tools, and gunnery accessories, and range from unadorned instruments for daily use to lavishly decorated pieces fit for a king's laboratory. The site boasts multiple search options, and terms from the catalogue are cross-linked to the indexes of instrument-makers and the cities where the items where built, and to the glossary. A superb introduction to pre-modern high-tech.http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/epact/
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS Chandra X-ray Observatory Center With the Hubble in orbit - and presenting us regularly with as many intriguing questions as answers - and with adaptive optics telescopes on the ground, modern astronomy is re-making itself. Now, we have the Chandra X-ray Observatory - named in honor of the late Indian-American Nobel laureate, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar - capable of seeing X-rays from areas of the universe blocked to visible light telescopes by the pervasive stellar dust. This site details the results. Recently, reading X-ray waves, Chandra has been able to probe the universe back to 12 billion years in the past finding massive numbers of black holes. But black holes, by definition, are invisible. Yes, but the gases being pulled so violently into the abyss give off tremendous heat and, therefore, X-rays. When Chandra locates a source of extensive x-rays, in a region apparently empty, a black hole seems the only plausible explanation. Sometimes navigating to the main points of the site can be difficult, perhaps because the authors try a little too hard to be understandable (try the Q and A sections for starters) The spectacular, truly leading-edge information is well worth the effort.http://chandra.harvard.edu/ Intuition tells us that the night sky should be ablaze with light. Clearly, it isn't - but if you think the reason for this contradiction in our perceptions is obvious, you're in for a big bang of a surprise. Oops, did we give the game away? It all goes back to 1826 when astronomer Heinrich Olbers was the first to ask the question as an academic exercise, realizing that the universe should be heating up all the time but, clearly, isn't. En route to the answer, the site traverses some interesting physics and teaches or perhaps reteaches the reasons why things work the way they do. It serves up some neat animations and models on the journey as well. Overall, it's a nice way to answer the question rather than just blurting it out. So, be patient and follow along. It's a clever and effective way to explain why the night sky isn't blazing with light, step by step the secret revealed. The universe isn't magic, although it's certainly magical. http://www.arachnoid.com/sky/index.html Solar Terrestrial Physics Division of the National Geophysical Data Center Though clearly aimed at professional astronomers and physicists, a careful surfer can have a few fascinating moments at this site. The amount of data related to every aspect of the sun, and coming from facilities in countries all over the world, and from space, is astonishing. Once you've completed a minimal registration process, this vast storehouse of ever-changing information on the ever-changing sun, is yours free of charge, just for the asking. Most of the data are automatically and constantly updated, second by second, in real time, directly from various measuring and video sources. This means - and even the webmasters-physicists admit this is fun - that every time you access a page, you may very well be the first person to ever view that particular set of photos or information. There is also a link to a slightly less technical but beautiful set of photos and videos from the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory.Solar terrestrial physics: http://spidr.ngdc.noaa.gov/spidr/ Lockheed Martin: http://www.lmsal.com/YPOP/homepage.html MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY Antimatter Space Propulsion at Penn State No longer a crazy idea from Star Trek, only 100 milligrams of antimatter, mixed with matter, would provide as much explosive power as the tons of fuel on one of today's space shuttles. Ah, but getting enough of the stuff, there 's the rub. The current yearly production of anti-matter from all the various atom smashers in the world is at best a thousand times too little. The Antimatter Propulsion Group at Pennsylvania State University is part of NASA's effort to reach the nearest star within 50 years. They propose a version of a nuclear reactor in space that they call antiproton catalyzed microfission. The site takes great pains to reassure us that this will be completely safe; well, we don't want to want to discourage anyone, but Chernobyl and Three Mile Island are still too fresh in our memories to accept assurances without a large dose of healthy skepticism. There is, for instance, no solution offered for the incredible storage problems, whether on Earth or in space, with materials that can takes tens of thousands of years to become safe. The Group's latest technical reports are open to the public, though most are too technical for the majority of readers. The introductory material, however, is a succinct and readable introduction to antimatter as fuel. We say make it so.http://www.engr.psu.edu/antimatter/ Well, we have anti-matter, antibodies, and even antiviruses, so why not antibubbles? An antibubble is an immersed thin film of air surrounding liquid. Clear enough? This informative little page will tell you all you've ever wanted to know about this unusual phenomenon. Now you can learn about their properties, how to make them, and pick up some antibubble tricks and ideas for antibubble science projects. The page is illustrated with photographs and drawings, and there are links to both bubble and antibubble sites and articles. http://www.jtan.com/antibubble/ If you're curious about how to use an abacus or about the history of calculating with clicking beads, this crisply designed site is the place for you. This is also a genuine labor of love on the part of Luis Fernandes, associated with Toronto's Ryerson University. In it, he brings the abacus, one of the first mathematical technologies, to life. Today we take calculators for granted, but this site demonstrates the power of a very simple device whose usefulness and efficiency is much greater than we generally imagine. In particular, the abacus remains a wonderful way to teach elementary and not-so-elementary mathematics to many students. Teachers, students and lifelong learners of all strips will find this site useful, with its links to instructions for building an abacus from LEGO and other educational sites. http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus/ ARCHEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY Rabbit In The Moon Mayan Glyphs and Architecture That you can use this site to order a t-shirt on which is printed your date of birth in Mayan hieroglyphics gives you a sense of the light and concrete approach of these Web writers. Mayan hieroglyphic writing used a wide variety of symbols that either represented whole words or their component syllables. There are many books and articles about the Mayan language but much of this written by and for professional anthropologists and can be difficult to decipher as the glyphs themselves. This site has writers who know their subject so well that they can describe the Mayan system in more casual and readable ways. Rather than a more academic approach, the focus is on actually writing the language itself.http://www.halfmoon.org/ Known as the Father of American Vertebrate Paleontology, Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) was also an expert anatomist, the founder of American parisitology, and an encyclopedic scholar on the natural world in general. Associated with the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, he was the author of 230 publications on paleontology; indeed, he virtually founded that field of study in the US through his research into the fossils of the American west and his discovery of hundreds of species of dinosaurs and prehistoric mammals. His monographs (abstracts of which can be read here) have a refreshing lack of theorizing and describe the specimens as he found them. This site summarizes his writings, displays illustrations of the fossils that were his area of expertise, and tells of his involvement in the notorious Bone Wars between O.C. Marsh and E.D. Cope that led to his abandonment of paleontology. Original drawings, photographs, and links to websites support the texts, and there are an interactive timeline and a bibliography, as well as sections on his work in other disciplines. A worthy tribute to a giant of American science. http://www.acnatsci.org/leidy/index.html MEDICINE, BIOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY http://humanembryology.com/ Why was Einstein a genius? What is mind? These are examples of the topics covered by this electronic magazine that offers articles related to the field of neurosciences. Far from being simply scientific matter, the arguments treated fall into psychology and philosophy, becoming stimulating lectures about our deepest desires, questions, and behaviors. http://www.epub.org.br/cm/home_i.htm If watching plants move is your idea of a good time, here's your chance to go to town watching your favorite blossoms grow, twist, respond to light and gravity, and germinate in a series of ten time-lapse films (QuickTime format) from the Department of Biology at Indiana U. There are also printable flipbook movies, tips on making time-lapse films, and sample laboratory exercises for teaching about plant growth and motion. A fascinating, if unusual, resource of the online study of plant physiology. http://sunflower.bio.indiana.edu/~rhangart/plantmotion/PlantsInMotion.html As the rescue drama unfolds off the New England coast - unpromisingly as we write - this site is nicely current. The adult sperm whale is a majestic creature, growing into a 60-ton, 62-foot leviathan diving as deep as 3000 ft, using echo location to hunt for its prey in the cold dark deep, and staying underwater for as long as 90 minutes. The sexes live apart, old males alone, younger ones in small pods, females and children in larger, more complex social structures. The young weigh a ton at birth and are 12 feet long. In the days of widespread whaling, the spermwhale was hunted eagerly for the huge quantities of oil in its enormous head. This is the kind of information you'll find here, nothing terribly detailed, but with links allowing those who want additional info to explore in more detail elsewhere. The site also has a Q&A session with cetacean researcher Jonathan Gordon. Overall this is a good, simple resource about the kind of powerful, mysterious whale immortalized in Moby Dick. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/spermwhales/ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND GEOGRAPHY United States Historical Census Data Browser The Census of the United States , as mandated by the Constitution (Article I, Section 2), determines population statistics for purposes of representation and taxation, and this online data base has the results from every American census (taken every ten years) from 1790 to 1960. The data vary: from 1790 to 1830, most data concern population breakdowns by age, sex, and free or slave. More information is available after 1840, including occupation, education, denomination, mortality, property, and wealth. Data are based on state and county returns, and can be sorted by variable, although there is no county querying. For a solid background, check out the historical section for an overview of censuses and census-taking. This is an invaluable treasure-trove of American demographics and economics for the serious history student.http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/
PSEUDOSCIENCE, BAD SCIENCE, AND WORSE http://expanding-earth.org/ |
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